To be ostracized is to be ignored and excluded. How does ostracism affect individuals? Considerable
research has now shown that the initial (reflexive) reac tions to even the most minimal forms of
ostracism are painful and distressing.
Fundamental needs of belonging, self esteem, control, and meaningful existence are thwarted;
sadness and anger increase. These effects emerge despite individual differences or situational
factors that should lead logically to easy dismissal. With time to appraise the ostracism episode,
individuals become differentially sensitized based on (i) the specific needs that are thwar ted,
(ii) their own individual differ ences, and (iii) their assessment of who ostracizes and why.
These differences lead to need-restorative behaviors that range from being overly socially
attentive and susceptible to influence to being aggressive and antisocial.